Mackenzie Papineau Battalion, Company 3 ammunition bearer in Azauara 11 March 1938 when he escaped capture with Grenier, Sanborn, Higgins, and the Henderson brothers
Entered the International Brigades on 15 December 1937; Served on the Aragon Front during the Retreats; Served as part of the International Brigades delegation to Barcelona in April
Trained at Tarragona; Sent to the front 13 March 1938; Interpreter; Sent by Luigi "Gallo" Longo and Copic to the Ministry of Propaganda 16 February 1938
Trained at Madrigueras and attended Officer Training School; Washington Battalion, Company 2, Company commander; Mackenzie Papineau Battalion, Company 1, Company commander; Promoted to Mackenzie Papineau Battalion Commander shortly after Fuentes; Promoted to Major 23 January 1938 because of actions at Teruel; Served at Brunete, Fuentes de Ebro, Teruel, Segura de los Baños, the Retreats, and the Ebro Offensive
Abraham Lincoln Battalion, Company 1; Mackenzie Papineau Battalion, Company 3, Section 2, signaller; Transmissions, telegraphist in Falset in July 1938; Sargent; Served at Quinto, Fuentes de Ebro, Teruel, Segura de los Baños, Aragon, Ebro Offensive
Washington Battalion, Company 2 from 22 March to 14 April 1937; Auto Park; Drove water trucks to the front with Ed Shirley from 14 April to to 20 July 1937; Usine Number 1 in Albacete; 15 Brigade Auto Park 28 November 1937 to October 1938; Served at Teruel, Segura de los Baños; The Retreats, Caspe, Gandesa, and the Ebro Offensive
Trained with 2 Battalion of Instruction, Tarazona; One of forty Canadians transferred into the Lincoln Battalion on 5 June 1937; Mackenzie Papineau Battalion; Served at Teruel, Segura de los Baños and the Retreats